HIPS阻燃复合材料三元潜在火灾危险性评价

将高抗冲聚苯乙烯树脂颗粒(纳米/微米级)、十溴二苯乙烷颗粒、三氧化二锑、弹性体、分散剂和偶联剂通过一步熔融共混工艺先行制备UL94 V-0级阻燃母粒,再将其与HIPS本体树脂按不同比例混合制得阻燃复合材料,并利用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL94)及ISO 5660锥形量热计三项测试表征制得样品的燃烧和火灾性能,从中提炼和分析LOI、垂直燃烧等级和最大热释放速率(Pk HRR)等三元关键指标相关性,给出了定性定量相结合的潜在火灾危险性分级范围。结果表明:UL94燃烧等级和Pk HRR相关性体现为当Pk HRR≤330.0 k W/m~2时,试样UL94等级均为V-0级;UL94燃烧等级和LOI相关性体现为随UL94燃烧等级从V-0降到HB时,试样LOI从27.0降到17.0;Pk HRR与LOI相关性体现为Pk HRR与LOI呈粗略反向线性相关性;UL94燃烧等级、Pk HRR和LOI三元相关性体现为当LOI22.0、Pk HRR为399.0~665.0 k W/m~2时,材料UL94燃烧等级介于HB~V-2。     

基于微震活动性参数的矿山灾害风险性评价

微震灾害分级是判别及处理高风险采场的关键。为了预测并防治采空区失稳导致的灾害,结合用沙坝矿引进的IMS微震监测系统,首先统计矿山尺度的微震活动性特征,将主要采场进行分区。然后分析各分区的最大潜在震级及其重现时间、微震扩散率、微震劲度比、能量频次等特征。最后结合采场微震灾害风险性分级标准对各分区风险性进行分级。结果表明,综合考虑微震事件的能量分布特征、空间分布特征、时间分布特征进行灾害风险性分级的结果更为合理。     

On-board measurements of gaseous pollutant emission characteristics under real driving conditions from light-duty diesel vehicles in Chinese cities

A total of 15 light-duty diesel vehicles(LDDVs) were tested with the goal of understanding the emission factors of real-world vehicles by conducting on-board emission measurements. The emission characteristics of hydrocarbons(HC) and nitrogen oxides(NOx) at different speeds, chemical species profiles and ozone formation potential(OFP) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from diesel vehicles with different emission standards were analyzed. The results demonstrated that emission reductions of HC and NOxhad been achieved as the control technology became more rigorous from Stage I to Stage IV. It was also found that the HC and NOxemissions and percentage of O2 dropped with the increase of speed, while the percentage of CO2 increased. The abundance of alkanes was significantly higher in diesel vehicle emissions, approximately accounting for 41.1%–45.2%, followed by aromatics and alkenes. The most abundant species were propene,ethane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane. The maximum incremental reactivity(MIR)method was adopted to evaluate the contributions of individual VOCs to OFP. The results indicated that the largest contributors to O3 production were alkenes and aromatics, which accounted for 87.7%–91.5%. Propene, ethene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, and1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOC species based on their OFP, and accounted for 54.0%-64.8% of the total OFP. The threshold dilution factor was applied to analyze the possibility of VOC stench pollution. The majority of stench components emitted from vehicle exhaust were aromatics, especially p-diethylbenzene, propylbenzene, m-ethyltoluene, and p-ethyltoluene.     

洞庭湖表层水和底泥中重金属污染状况及其变化趋势

为评价洞庭湖重金属污染程度,分析了洞庭湖湖区9个采样点表层水及底泥中Hg、Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Cu的浓度水平,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对底泥中的重金属污染现状进行评价. 结果表明,洞庭湖表层水中重金属质量浓度远低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》一级标准限值,底泥中w(Hg)、w(Cr)、w(Cd)、w(As)、w(Pb)和w(Cu)均高于背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的5.0、3.1、22.7、2.2、2.5和1.9倍. 洞庭湖表层水中ρ(As)与底泥中w(As)呈显著正相关. 近30年来,洞庭湖底泥中除w(Hg)下降外,其他重金属质量分数均有所上升. 地积累指数法评价结果表明,洞庭湖底泥中不同种类的重金属I_geo(地累积指数)表现为Cd＞Hg＞Cr＞As＞Pb＞Cu,Cd和Hg的I_geo分别为3.92和1.73;不同区域的重金属I_tot(综合地积累指数)呈虞公庙>横岭湖>洞庭湖出口>东洞庭湖>蒋家嘴>鹿角>万子湖>南嘴>小河嘴的分布特征,虞公庙和横岭湖的I_tot均大于10.0.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,各污染物对洞庭湖生态风险构成危害的影响程度为Cd＞As＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Pb,整个洞庭湖区的RI(潜在生态风险指数)为99.0~696.7,平均值为281.8,属于中等潜在生态危害,其中南洞庭湖的虞公庙和万子湖的RI分别为696.7和565.9,已成为潜在生态风险区域.      

福州清洁地区夏季和秋季VOCs浓度特征及化学反应活性

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的臭氧生成潜势引起广泛关注.2014年夏季和秋季对福州清洁地区鼓山挥发性有机物浓度特征及化学反应活性进行监测研究.鼓山夏季总挥发性有机物平均浓度为(262.57±256.71)μg·m-3,低于秋季(330.74±254.38)μg·m-3.两季平均VOCs浓度组成为烷烃(115.37±20.99)μg·m-3,含氧化硫烃(66.54±2.10)μg·m-3,卤代烃(63.17±13.96)μg·m-3,烯烃(34.20±5.50)μg·m-3,芳香烃(17.38±5.65)μg·m-3.VOCs浓度日变化趋势表现出明显的季节特征.通过比较VOCs各物种的化学反应活性,发现鼓山站点两季中烯烃类浓度远低于烷烃,但其具有最大臭氧生成潜势,约为烷烃的3倍,其次是烷烃和芳香烃.此外,异戊二烯对臭氧生成的贡献亦大.对优势物种进行分析,并选取间/对-二甲苯和乙苯环境浓度的比值作为评价气团老化程度的指标,结果表明:鼓山VOCs主要来源于交通源,夏季主要来自于大气的远程输送,而秋季受局地交通排放源影响较大.     

官厅水库沉积物重金属沉积通量及沉积物记录的生态风险变化规律

采集官厅水库沉积物柱状样,分析了沉积物中6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的垂直分布特征和沉积通量,并采用潜在生态危害指数评价其生态风险.结果表明:6种重金属平均含量分别为0.205、65.5、37.6、39.5、33.6和104 mg·kg-1,与北京市土壤背景值相比,超标1.4~2.2倍;随时间的变化,沉积物中Cd和Ni含量相对稳定,而Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn含量呈现先降低、80年代后趋于平稳的趋势;1980年以来,重金属沉积通量随时间呈现有规律的递减,到2014年减少了约40%.官厅水库沉积物中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的年沉积量分别为0.0113、3.63、2.09、2.19、1.86和5.72 t.富集系数显示,表层沉积物中各重金属均未发生富集(富集系数小于1.5).官厅水库表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数RI值范围为58.8~113.0,均值为80.9,总体属于低生态风险;垂直分布上,在1985年后,水库各采样点沉积物中重金属的风险程度RI随着时间均呈现减小的趋势.总体来说,官厅水库沉积物中重金属污染相对较轻,对水库水环境质量不构成威胁.     

地震监测台站开展防震减灾科普宣传的实践探索

科普宣传是防震减灾工作的重要组成部分。在传统科普宣传形式之外,如何利用大量专业地震监测台站开展科普宣传是一个重要课题。通过分析我国防震减灾科普宣传的成绩和不足,结合几年来北京市地震局地震台站开展防震减灾科普宣传实例,提炼归纳出利用地震监测台站开展科普宣传的独特优势,提出应该转变传统科普宣传思维模式,切实发挥专业地震监测台站防震减灾科普宣传的作用,并就如何加强地震监测台站的科普宣传工作提出了具体建议。     

Particulates and carbon monoxide pollution on production floor of steel recycling plant

For this study, particulates or particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels were monitored at different sections on the production floor of a scrap metal recycling factory. A Met‐One GT331 dust monitor and A Toxi‐Rae gas monitor were used to measure PM and CO concentrations, respectively. The 24‐hr averaging period concentrations of particulate matter having diameters of 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter having diameters of 10 microns or less in diameter (PM₁₀), and total suspended particulates (TSP) within the plant ranged between 8.3 and 50.4 μg/m³, 12.0 and 151.3 μg/m³, and 30.0 and 285.0 μg/m³, respectively, while the maximum 8‐hr concentration of CO within the plant was 20.5 parts per million (ppm). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) limits for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and CO were exceeded only in the area around the furnace. Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank statutory limit for TSP were also exceeded in the area around the furnace. Toxicity potentials (TP) of the investigated pollutants were greater than 1.0 around the furnace, indicating that work spaces in proximity to the furnace could expose workers to adverse health conditions.     

Thermal modeling and analysis of novel twin-chamber community solar cooker as a replacement of biomass-based cooking

A novel design of twin-chamber community solar (TCCS) cooker is presented as a replacement of biomass-based cooking. The novelty of separating a single rectangular cooking chamber into separate twin chambers (of 1-m² aperture area each) improves the cooking performance as opening of one chamber for unloading of food cooked in lesser time (rice) does not disturb the stagnation temperature of the other chamber (pulses and meat) needing more time to cook besides resulting in reduction in side heat loss coefficient due to common wall. Aperture area and cooking volume of TCCS cooker are 9.54 and 35.33 times more as compared to single-chamber domestic solar (SCDS) cooker which makes it a community-scale large-capacity solar cooker. The developed solar radiation capture model and overall heat loss coefficient (U_l) computed for TCCS cooker have been used in a thermal model developed between various interactive components. First (F₁) and second figures of merit (F₂) values are 0.13 and 0.42, respectively, for TCCS cooker at par with ‘A’ grade category SCDS cooker. Techno-economic analysis shows that the net present value of TCCS cooker is Rs. 83,253 with break-even point occurring after cooking 43,461 meals with payback period of only 25, 50, and 72 months if used as a replacement for LPG, cow dung cakes, and wood-based cooking, respectively. Environmental impact analysis shows that the use of the proposed cooker can mitigate 2, 5.9, and 4.1 tonnes of CO₂ emissions every year by not burning LPG, cow dung cakes, and wood respectively.     

镉对豚鼠心房和家兔窦房结动作电位及收缩力的影响

镉可致大白鼠贫血,并可诱发肺癌。镉对心血管系统的影响可使血压升高。然而,镉对心脏本身的影响目前报道很少。Nilius等人报告在心室肌细胞中存在着一种允许Ca~(2+)通过的Ca~(2+)通道。有人报道Ca~(2+)通道可被外界镉所阻断。为了进一步证实镉对心肌的影响,本研究从细胞水平探讨镉对Ca~(2+)的影响,为人们认识及防治镉对心脏的毒性提供一些依据。